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ADRs can be attractive, but here’s a case for CDRs for Canadians—plus a warning for tax time.
In mid 2021, Canadian investors gained a significant new way of accessing popular U.S. blue-chip stocks. Canadian depositary receipts (CDRs) resemble the more established American depositary receipts (ADRs).
ADRs are a way to gain easy access to global stocks in U.S. dollars trading on U.S. stock exchanges. According to Seeking Alpha, among the 10 most actively traded ADRs are China’s Baidu (Bidu/Nasdaq), the UK’s BP (BP/NYSE), Brazil’s Vale (Vale/NYSE), and Switzerland’s Novartis (NVS/NYSE.) The first ADR was introduced by J.P. Morgan in 1927 for the British retailer Selfridges.
Dividends paid by ADRs are in U.S. dollars. Canadians are of course able to buy ADRs, just as they can buy stocks or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) trading on American stock exchanges. But they’ll have to convert their Canadian dollar to the U.S. dollar to do so. And if they plan to retire in Canada, they will have to pay again to repatriate that money.
By contrast, CDRs give Canadian investors a way to buy popular U.S. stocks—particularly the FAANG tech stocks—in Canadian dollars, trading on the Canadian NEO exchange. (FAANG stands for Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, and Alphabet, formerly Google.)
You can find more information at CIBC, which developed CDRs. As you might expect, the Canadian bank has a positive spin on CDRs, saying it provides the “same stocks, lower risks,” with a “built-in currency hedge,” while offering “fractional ownership, easier diversification.” Its slogan: “Own the company, not the currency.”
A video by CIBC shows that, while Canadian stocks account for just 3.1% of the world’s stock market capitalization, most Canadians have 59% of their investments in Canadian stocks. To the extent foreign stocks, and especially American ones, have generated stronger returns, arguably Canadians are missing out. It suggests one reason for this is foreign exchange.
CDRs may especially appeal to younger investors with limited wealth. CDRs offer a way of accessing high-priced stocks in lower-priced Canadian dollar versions. For example, a single regular Amazon (AMZN) share currently costs a whopping US$3,200. Compare that with the CDR version AMZN.NE, which costs just $20CAD a share. Generally, the CDR version has the same ticker as the underlying U.S. stock, so be careful when you are buying to specify which version you wish to acquire.
If the U.S. company pays a dividend, so will the CDR. Since most Canadian retirees spend their golden years in Canada, they can diversify beyond Canada’s resource and financial-concentrated market, and still have their assets and dividends in Canadian dollars.
“If you don’t want to worry about currency exchange and just want to hold your portfolio in Canadian dollars, then I believe CDRs are a great option,” wrote Bob Lai in his introductory CDR blog on Tawcan.
The decision to buy CDRs might revolve around currency hedging for many investors, says Norm Rothery of The Stingy Investor. “Those who think the Canadian dollar will appreciate versus the U.S. dollar—due, say, to a long-term resurgence in oil prices—might prefer the CDR to the original stock. Of course, the reverse could also be true.”
Investment coach Aman Raina, of Toronto-based Sage Investors, likes both the accessibility and currency risk management aspects of CDRs.
“Because they are so new, the missing pieces are how efficiently they behave and correlate to the underlying stock they are tracking and also how effective it is at price discovery, which are no different issues than we face when evaluating ETFs.”
Raina adds that the Amazon CDR trades 50,000 shares a day, which is only a tiny fraction of the 4.8 million shares a day of the underlying stock. But he wonders how easy it would be to sell the CDR version in a major downturn. “Only time can answer these questions. For a Canadian investor looking to add blue-chip U.S. stocks, it is one worth exploring, but like anything, look under the CDR hood.”
Unlike ETFs, CDRs don’t have ongoing management fees, although there are more subtle embedded fees.
This is from the CIBC site: “The notional currency hedge includes a spread earned by CIBC which will on average not exceed 0.60% on an annualized basis. In addition, CIBC is entitled to adjust the CDR Ratio to compensate CIBC for actual out-of-pocket costs and expenses incurred in connection with non-ordinary Corporate Actions (such as distributions or exchanges of securities upon a merger event or spin-off transaction), but the amount of such costs and expenses will not exceed 0.10% of the aggregate value of the CDRs of the relevant Series.”
These “embedded fees might also give some investors pause,” says Rothery. They “might prove to be a touch high for investors used to low-fee ETFs that offer more diversification and are at the core of many modern portfolios.”
When I first heard about CDRs, I had a faint hope that perhaps they would not be considered foreign content by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). However, that is not the case.
Investors with large foreign taxable portfolios will be disappointed to learn that even if these investments are traded in Toronto, CDRs are still considered foreign income. The CRA requires owners of portfolios with more than $100,000 CAD (book value) to complete the T1135 Foreign Income Verification Statement.
Elliot Scherer, managing director and head of sales, Wealth Solutions Group, CIBC Capital Markets, confirmed CDRs are considered “specified foreign property” for purposes of the Canadian specified foreign property reporting rules.
“T1135 reporting in Canada would be required for an investor that is a taxpayer resident in Canada and whose cost of CDRs of all Series, plus any underlying shares of those Series that are held directly, plus the cost of any other specified foreign property, exceeds $100,000.” See also CIBC’s CDR resources page.
In that regard, CDRs do not achieve what Canadian ETFs with foreign holdings — trading on the TSX or NEO — facilitate, which “count” as merely Canadian content for tax purposes.
Jamie Golombek, CIBC Wealth’s tax expert and Financial Post columnist, says CDRs have a structure that differs from ETFs and mutual funds that are Canadian trusts that happen to hold U.S. or global equities. A Canadian mutual fund trust or ETF means the investor owns Canadian property, Golombek said via email. “The CDRs are entirely different: The best way to think of it is a fractional ownership in the underlying U.S. stock itself.”
The most popular CDRs are the big tech names like AMZN, TSLA and GOOG, says Scherer. “We have also seen a lot of interest in AAPL, MSFT, PYPL and VISA, especially when there is earnings or corporate news on a specific stock.”
Thus far only U.S. stocks are available as CDRs, says Lai, but it would be nice to expand to non North American stocks like South Korea’s Samsung.
And Scherer adds: “We are certainly considering a number of areas to grow the platform, including adding international names. That said, our first priority is to grow the number of CDRs on U.S. names to meet the demand we’re seeing from our clients.”
Since I am approaching the $100,000 foreign content limit in taxable portfolios, and prefer to avoid the paperwork involved in passing that threshold, I’ll hold CDRs either in my registered retirement savings plans (RRSPs) or my tax-free savings accounts (TFSAs).
Ideally, dividend payers should go in an RRSP. I did just that with the Pfizer CDR. Non-dividend payers, like Berkshire Hathaway, could go nicely in a TFSA.
The only other CDR I have purchased is Meta Platforms, after it famously fell 25% in early February 2022.
Since my family already owned most of the original U.S. versions of the FAANG stocks, we’ll hold off until the Ukraine volatility clears. Most tech stocks have been correcting since late 2021.
At some point, of course, they may come down to the point where they are tempting, either in their native U.S. form or in the CDR version.
MoneySense Investing Editor at Large Jonathan Chevreau is also the founder of Financial Independence Hub, author of Findependence Day and co-author of Victory Lap Retirement. He can be reached at [email protected].
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Great article and CDR’s should be in everyone’s portfolio, be it whatever size, fits your investment wants. Will certainly, consider adding to our own investments.
What happens to my Amazon cdr with the 20 to 1 split?
@Chip
First, a SPLIT does not generate any value – it merely adjusts the share price and quantity of shares. 1 share at $2000, now becomes 20 shares at $100. This is the most important concept of a SPLIT or CONSOLIDATION.
Second, what CIBC did was adjust the internal ratio. if you go to “cdr.cibc.com” -> CDR Directory -> Click on AMZN right down arrow, then -> See Corporate Actions you can read about this. The result of this likewise does not create value but it does result in a MORE AMPLIFIED move going forward for every dollar the AMZN Nasdaq share moves.
Per their site too:
“CDR holders will experience the same economic impact of a share split or consolidation as they would if the underlying shares were held directly. If a split of the underlying shares occurs, either the CDR Ratio will be adjusted to account for the increase in the number of underlying shares or the CDRs will be split so that CDR holders will automatically receive additional CDRs. For example, if there is a two-for-one stock split of the underlying shares, then either there will be a corresponding two-for-one split of that class of CDRs or, alternatively, the CDR Ratio will double. If a consolidation of the underlying shares occurs, the CDR Ratio will be reduced to account for the decrease in the number of underlying shares.”
The benefit to split AMZN is so that non-institutional investors can now purchase shares at a more affordable price than $2000 per share. One can do that only via a broker that offers FRACTIONAL transactions such as WealthSimple. I wished TD Investing too offered this as I may choose to buy the underlying security and unhedged.
The NEO stocks are already priced to be fractions (hence the ratio) inherently so there is no need to modify the underlying shares or price. They have to do something though and that involved the ratio. Future increases in AMZN will result in greater moves of the CDR – at some point it may well trade in the north of $50/share and they will chose to do an actual split to bring it back down to the more affordable $12-20 range for investors.
Warren Buffett didn’t see value in splits (admin costs) and so never did them but then created a new class (BRK/B) to help investors afford Berkshire and NEO has brought entry even cheaper and hedged for investors. If brokers offered fractional trading then a split/consolidation would no longer be required but the mechanics of fractional shares prevents industry wide adoption IMO. WealthSimple AFAIK needs to themselves own the fractions [rounded up to 1] not owned by investors. Not mind blowing numbers but it changes the nature of the business.
do these vehicles fall under identical property rules for capital loss selling ?
Due to the large volume of comments we receive, we regret that we are unable to respond directly to each one. We invite you to email your question to [email protected], where it will be considered for a future response by one of our expert columnists. For personal advice, we suggest consulting with your financial institution or a qualified advisor.
Well what I don’t understand is that where is the hedge? If we are adjusting CDR ratio daily then that actually means that we are adjusting the share fraction as per daily currency fluctuations. Is CDR Hedge some sort of gimmick or am I missing something?