Canada’s Best Places to Live 2013 Methodology

MoneySense’s Best Places to Live 2013 is our most comprehensive data-driven snapshot of Canadian cities yet. This year, we expanded our list to 200 cities, up from 190 cities last year. We also added 11 new categories to our process, bringing the total number of categories we track to 33 to get an even better picture of what life is like in each community.

While we can’t gauge many of the elements that people enjoy in their cities, the nearness of family, the friendliness of neighbours or even great sunsets, we have measured what can be measured and compared what can be compared from towns and cities across our provinces and territories.

To come up with the ranking, we gathered information on Census Metropolitan Areas (CMA), Census Agglomeration (CA) and Census Subdivisions, (CSD) as defined by Statistics Canada. All of the demographic data was supplied by Environics Analytics, Demographic Estimates and Projections 2012. Additional data sources are noted below.

The pie chart below illustrates how we weigh each category group for the main list:

New this year

This year we ranked each city against its peers and overall. A small city is defined by a population below 100,000, a mid-size city has population of between 100,000 and 400,000 and a large city has a minimum population of 400,000.

Eleven new categories were added to help us come up with our ranking. To accommodate the new categories we have updated our scoring system. Some categories like weather for instance, now have a smaller weighting in our ranking than in previous years, while other categories have been expanded. Categories new to our list this year include: household net worth, the number of days of precipitation, the number of days where the temperature is above 20 degrees C, the five-year change in crime rate, property tax measures, movie theatres and whether a city is within close proximity to an airport serviced by Air Canada or WestJet.

Ten cities are also new to our list this year. They include: Langley, B.C., Boucherville, Que., North Vancouver, B.C., West Vancouver, B.C., Châteauguay, Que., Saint-Eustache, Que., Mascouche, Que. Georgina, Ont. Haldimand County, Ont. and Mirabel, Que.

In addition to our highly popular Best Places to Live, Best Places to Raise Kids and Best Places to Retire lists, we’ve added Best Places for New Immigrants. This list rewards communities that already have a strong immigrant population, employment opportunities, reasonable rental rates and apartment vacancies, considerations for any person looking to call Canada home. A full breakdown of our methodology is below.

And while MoneySense strongly believes air quality is an important variable in determining the quality of life within a city, we unfortunately had to drop this category from our ranking system because we were unable to find reliable and current data for each city.

The calculations

A total of 103 points was up for grabs. Each category (below) was allotted a number of points depending on the importance of the category. For example, employment statistics are worth 10 points while sales taxes are worth 1 point. Some categories are further broken into subcategories. For example, the crime category is determined by statistics in the subcategories of violent crime, crime severity and total crime.

The top city in each category received the maximum number of points, and the rest of the cities received descending incremental points based on their ranking.

For example, in the area of unemployment, Canmore, Alta., had the lowest unemployment rate in the country (2.3%). It was ranked No. 1 in that category and received 10 points. The second-best city in the unemployment category, High River, Alta., received 9.95 points. The next city was Boucherville, Que. with 9.90 points and so on, down to the 200th city (Bay Roberts, N.L. with an unemployment rate of 22.4%), which received no points.

Calculations for some other categories follow a slightly different methodology. For example, in the category of population growth, an annual rate of 6.56% was considered ideal. Anything below or above that rate loses points and cities with a population loss receive zero. The same is true for the subcategory of precipitation, which makes up part of the weather category. (The ideal number is 700 mm a year, with anything above or below that level losing points accordingly.) As well, 5 points were awarded on the percentage of people employed in arts, culture, recreation and sports.

Here’s an example of how the scoring system works:

While a perfect score in all categories would give a city 103 points, the top city this year, Calgary, only garnered 75.07 points. Our lowest ranking city, Lachute, Que., scored 35.59 points.

Categories and points

WALK/BIKE TO WORK: 6 points—This represents the percentage of people who walked or took their bike to work. Source: Environics Analytics

TRANSIT: 5 points—Based on the percentage of the workforce utilizing public transit. Source: Environics Analytics

WEATHER: 10 points—(2 points for the ideal amount of precipitation, 3 points for the number of days with rain, 1 point for days with precipitation of any kind, three points for days above 0°C,  and 1 point fro days above 20°C). Ideal volume of precipitation is considered to be 700 mm per year. Source: Environment Canada

POPULATION GROWTH: 8 points—Results are based on the average Canadian population growth rate from 2001-2012 of 4.56% plus 2%. Higher growth rates create problems as cities struggle to provide services to growing populations. Lower growth rates means less opportunities. Cities with negative growth received 0 points. Source: Environics Analytics and 2011 Statistics Canada figures

UNEMPLOYMENT: 10 points—2012 estimates calculated by Environics Analytics

HOUSING: 12 points— (6 for average house prices and 6 for time to buy a house) House price data provided by Environics Analytics. Housing data is based on the census estimate for every community at the end of 2011, correcting for changes within the community including age, occupations, and information from local real estate boards. Time to buy was derived from average home price divided by average estimated household income.

HOUSEHOLD INCOME: 5 points—Source: Environics Analytics.

DISCRETIONARY INCOME: 5 points—Source: Environics Analytics.

NEW CARS: 2 points—New cars on the road as of July 2012. New cars were deemed to be vehicles with model years 2010-2012. Ranking of new cars is based on the percent total vehicles. Source: R. L. Polk Canada, Inc.

INCOME TAXES: 3 points—Cities ranked (lower is better) according to the rate of combined federal and provincial (or territorial) income tax paid on a single person income of $50,000. Source: www.taxtips.ca.

SALES TAXES: 1 point—Cities ranked (lower is better) according to the rate of provincial or territorial sales tax.

PROPERTY TAX RATE: 2 points—Cities with a lower property tax rate were awarded the highest marks. Source: Environics Analytics.

PROPERTY TAX PAID AS A % OF INCOME: 1 point—To determine how much of a burden the property tax was to the average homeowner we determine the how much of the average household income goes towards paying property tax.

CRIME: 7 points—Violent crime rates (2 points), total crime rates per 100,000 people (2 points), the five-year change in the crime rate (1 point) and crime severity rates (2 point) for 2010. (Lower is better in all three cases.) Source: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.

DOCTORS: 5 points—Number of general practice and specialist physicians per community (5 points) and converted to doctors per 1,000 people. Source: Canadian Medical Association

HEALTH PROFESSIONALS: 4 points—Percentage of people in each city who are employed in health occupations. Source: Environics Analytics.

NUMBER OF DOCTORS OFFICES PER ’000: 1 point—The number of medical offices in a community divided by the population. Source: Environics Analytics.

AMENITIES: 6 points—Two points for a hospital, 1 point each for university and college. Cities in a CMA area received credit if a particular institution was located anywhere in the CMA. Half a point was given to cities with a movie theatre. Cities could also earn up to 1.5 points for being within close proximity to an airport serviced by one of Canada’s national carriers: Air Canada or WestJet. Cities within 50 km of an airport received 1.5 points, communities within 100 km received 1 point and cities within 200km received half a point.

CULTURE: 5 points—A city could receive up to 5 points based on the percentage of people employed in arts, culture, recreation and sports. Source: Environics Analytics.

Best Places to Raise Kids

This calculation included the following additional categories;

• child care spaces
• population 14 and under
• percentage of students
• the number of daycare spaces for 1,000
• the number of regulated day care space for children aged 0 to 5
• average day care cost
• % of families with kids

Note some of the statistics are available only province to province instead of city by city. Sources: Canadian Demographics 2012 edition childcare space statistics 2008 report published by the Childcare Resource and Research Unit www.childcarecanada.org, Statistics Canada Summary Public School Indicators and 2010 Provincial population projections. Average daycare cost for Ontario was not available, but is widely recognized as being the most expensive in Canada so Ontario communities were awarded a tie with the next most expensive province for childcare in Canada.

The pie chart below illustrates how we weigh each category group for our Best Places to Raise Kids list:

Best Places to Retire

The calculations were adjusted to emphasize services and conditions for retirees.

The point system;

Best Places for New Immigrants

The calculations were adjusted to emphasize services and conditions for immigrants.

The point system;

The pie chart below illustrates how we weigh each category group for our Best Places for New Immigrants list: